You can catch the episodes of ‘Undercover Billionaire’ on Discovery’s official website and the Discovery Go app, provided you have a cable subscription for the channel. Where to Stream Undercover Billionaire Online? The documentary is currently available on the streamer. But if you wish to take a plunge into the world of money and the corruption that comes with it, then you can give ‘Dirty Money’ a watch. No, ‘Undercover Billionaire’ is not on Netflix either. However, you have the option to stream a similar title, the ABC superhit, ‘Shark Tank’ on the platform. Unfortunately, this particular show is not available on Hulu. You have the option to either buy or rent full episodes and seasons on the platform. Yes, season 1 of ‘Undercover Billionaire’ is available on Amazon Prime Video. Is Undercover Billionaire on Amazon Prime Video? The stars featured in the second season are Monique Idlett-Mosley, Grant Cardone, and Elaine Culotti. They have only 100 dollars in hand, and are required to launch a venture in three months. In season 2, we meet three business tycoons who are given one phone each, with no contacts, and sent to different US cities. And Stearns proves himself once again by launching a restaurant and brand called brand Underdog BBQ. He is allotted cash of 100 dollars and given only 90 days to complete the task. The first season follows billionaire Glenn Stearns, the founder of Stearns Lending, who attempts to launch a million-dollar business in Erie, Pennsylvania.
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The original company ceased to exist after the Soviet Union took over East Germany, and the company that we know now was revived in 1990 by Walter Lange, the great-grandson of Ferdinand Adolph Lange, with the late and great Günter Blümlein, and help from several other Swiss manufactures including IWC and JLC. Lange & Söhne was founded by Ferdinand Adolph Lange in 1845 in the sleepy village of Glashütte. Widely regarded as the granddaddy of German watchmaking, A. Best of all, the firm offers its products at very competitive prices compared to many of its neighbors in the watchmaking town of Glashütte. The Muhle line has expanded from its military origins to encompass both sporty and luxurious models, and the company, now under the sole leadership of Thilo Muhle, has even dabbled in making its own in-house movements and modules. Flieger Chronograph used by rescue pilots. Rescue Timer, which is still in use by the service to this day, and the other military piece that followed it, the S.A.R. Kicking off the modern collection was the timepiece the duo produced at the request of the German Maritime Search and Rescue Service, the S.A.R. Lange & Söhne began re-emerging under private ownership, Mühle Glashütte as we know it today was formed under the leadership of family scion Hans-Jürgen Mühle and his son Thilo. In 1994, after East and West Germany finally reunited and historic watchmakers like A. At the end of World War II, and the postwar partitioning of Germany, while nearly every other German firm that made watches and clocks consolidated into a single state-owned entity, Mühle continued under family ownership, and a different corporate name, branching out its manufacturing expertise into the fields of camera equipment and temperature and pressure gauges. The company originally made time measuring instruments for the German Watchmaking School and afterward, with the onset of the World Wars, began making speedometers for motorcycles, dashboard counters for automobiles, and onboard timers for military planes, among a host of other timing devices. Mühle Glashütte, founded by Robert Mühle in 1869 in the state of Saxony, holds the distinction of being the oldest family-owned watchmaking company in Germany while also being, in practice, one of the youngest, having not produced a wristwatch until 1996. That should help to prevent the uninitiated from trotting off into Google to buy a Lange 1 without realizing they'll run them $50k. Generally, If it’s towards the end of this list, it’s going to be a bit pricey. To bring order to this list, we'll attempt to arrange the brands by where they sit in the retail price hierarchy - starting with more affordable brands and working our way up in a very general way, knowing that many outliers in price exist within almost all of these brands. In each synopsis, We'll begin with a bit of history, share a few of the brands' major accomplishments or best-loved models, and say a bit about what they’re up to these days, other than eating bratwurst and watching Fußball, of course. In this article, we’ll be taking a look at some of Germany’s better known watch brands to provide an overview of names you should know if you’re new to German watches. Home to dozens of brands, including some of the best in the business according to a variety of metrics, Germany is an excellent country for watchmaking. However, the real tragedy here is the omission of the often overlooked superpower in watchmaking that is Germany. Of course, this is an over generalization of the highest degree, as Japan is home to some of the finest purveyors of high watchmaking and there are indeed great deals to be found from Switzerland. In general, a conversation about the top watch producing countries centers around two nations: Switzerland and Japan, with Japan often occupying the more affordable end of the spectrum and Switzerland more commonly associated with luxury watches and high watchmaking. 0% interest for up to 24 months available on select brands. ITunes is an essential tool for anyone who wants to access digital content on their Apple devices. It also features integration with other popular streaming services, such as Spotify and Pandora, making it easy to switch between them. You can sync with Apple devices like iPhones or iPads to take any song from your home computer on the go. The streamlined design works perfectly with touch-enabled devices like tablets or laptops.īeyond its basic music player capabilities, iTunes for Windows offers powerful features for managing your media library. The app also allows you to quickly search for songs across all genres and artists and favorites lists that you can easily create and edit yourself. The interface of iTunes for Windows is simple and intuitive, making it easy to navigate through your music library. It’s a great way to store and manage your media collection in one place. With its comprehensive media library, you can easily organize and listen to your favorite songs, create custom playlists, sync with your family’s Apple devices, and even access the iTunes Store to purchase new music and movies. ITunes for Windows is an essential application for any Windows user looking to get the most out of their music library. Now with the latest moves from Microsoft, the new directions of Apple and the accelerated growth of the use of Linux, we are probably in the run-up to the launch of iTunes for Linux or some more efficient application or method to synchronize our iPhone on computers with Linux. Will Apple release iTunes for Linux?Īll of this leads us to the question: Will Apple release a version of iTunes for Linux?Generally speaking, Apple does not release versions of its flagship programs for Linux, so I doubt we'll ever see iMovie or iTunes for Linux. It is a music player with great features, it is currently considered the most powerful available for Linux.Īmarok makes it possible to transfer files to iPod and other mp3 players, buy legal music, create dynamic playlists, import database from iTunes, and much more. One of the most important features of Rhythmbox is the support it offers for iPods, completely replacing iTunes. It's a powerful music browser, you can sort / search music of almost all known formats, including streaming audio, you can play and burn CDs and DVDs. Alternatives to iTunes on LinuxĪlthough iTunes is the best application to synchronize multimedia between Apple mobile devices and computers, in Linux there are several alternatives to this application, which can probably meet the requirements you need.Įs the most similar player to iTunesas it has a lot of features in it and allows you to sync iPod and other multimedia devices with your music and video library. Install iTunes on Windows in the usual way.Īctually with this method you are not running iTunes on Linux, but you are giving access to iTunes and its features from a Linux computer.īoth methods are a bit unorthodox but they are the best solutions until Apple releases a version of iTunes for Linux.After Windows starts, download iTunes from here. ( iTunes 12.5.4 right now). This may require the Windows installation discs Run VirtualBox and follow the instructions on the screen to create a Windows virtual machine.Download VirtualBox for your Linux distribution.You must have a version of Windows on hand to install in VirtualBox (this may require a Windows installation disc). This allows you, for example, to run Windows from Linux. VirtualBox is a free virtualization tool that mimics the physical hardware of a computer and allows you to install operating systems and programs on it. This approach requires install VirtualBox. The second way to get iTunes for Linux is less fancy but should work fine. This method may not work on your favorite Linux distro, I have personally tested it on Linux Mint 18.1 and Zorin Os Ultimate.
Logging in, you need to tell Hexchat to communicate your passwordĬlick Hexchat from the menu and then click Network List. In order to identify yourselves that you own the nick name upon Is registered by you and an activation email will be sent to the email address If all goes well you should receive a message back instantly that the nick name Is a bot that allows you to register and identify yourselves as the owner of In order to register you need to send a message to nickserv on OFTC, which Will be used by you, but it’s still not registered yet. When you login to the server for the first time with your nickname, it If you don’t already have an account, you can register one with The first set of steps to pick a different nickname. If you get a notice that the nick name is already taken, quit and go back to Make sure that Use SSL for all the servers on this network is Ircs://:6697 for SSL (alternative port: 9999), IPv4 and IPv6. Lets first fill out the Nick name and User name field with ourįrom the list of Networks you should select OFTC network. Now open the Hexchat program just like you would for any Linux program. You will probably also need extra components shown just under Hexchat. It does not store any personal data.For Windows environment, download latest Hexchat installation binary from The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. But we are mainly seeking for Free IRC Clients for OS X, so free will go first. LimeChat is an excellent minimalistic App, is Free Software, iPhone and iPad Apps are also available. In case of DMOZ, this is closed, but in case of Open Source compatible projects, they are public and the IRC Log is also available. You possibly has came to this webpage to find the best IRC Clients for OS X, not to read a big lecture note on IRC Chat Clients! So, just one sentence more – if you want to know about IRC then you can read this article on Internet Relay Chat or IRC Details. Internet Relay Chat or IRC is still used in software development and other projects including DMOZ, WordPress core development, Linux development etc. IRC Clients for OS X : Required Minimum Introduction We are mainly interested about there Free IRC Clients for OS X. Free Software here means the softwares which has GNU GPL 3.0 or compatible License. Among the Non-Free Softwares there are paid softwares. IRC Clients for OS X can be divided in to two broad categories – Free Software and Non-Free Software. Although we designed the course with safety in mind, the chance of injury exists with any sport.Come and cheer people on! There will also be vendors, a DJ, food and drinks to enjoy! Spectators will have front row seats to some of the best obstacles.Coolers and outside food and drink will not be allowed. There will be delicious food for sale on site.Yes! If you want to volunteer we would love your help! Individual, teams, and organizations that would like to volunteer click HERE to sign up!.How fast, slow, smooth or ugly you complete them is up to you! In the spirit of competition, we expect you will push yourself to try. However, we have designed the course so that you will be able to at least attempt all the obstacles. PRE-REGISTER to avoid any issues! It’s the only way to be guaranteed to get a FREE t-shirt and discounts. Those who do not pre-register and show up on race day may have to wait for the next available heat. Heats will be capped at 100, so once they fill up, you will have to choose another heat. You can choose from 15 different heats, running every half hour from 8am-3pm.If you choose to register on race day, we will try to let you race with your friends but you may have to wait for the next available heat. Racers 10-17 can run with a parent in the parent/child division with a signed release form. You must be 10 years old by race day with signed release form to race. Anyone under 18 will not be allowed without a signed release form from your parent or guardian. So please register early, bring your ID, a parent or guardian if you are under 18, and it’s cash only on race day. T-shirts will not be for sale the day of the race. You must pre-register in order to get a FREE t-shirt. Yes! You will not be guaranteed to get a FREE t-shirt if you register on Race Day.You will also need an ID if you plan on having a beer or two to celebrate your accomplishment! Some items that may come in handy would be gloves, towel, jug of water for personal wash down, change of clothes, form of payment, and a parent or guardian to sign a release form if you are under the age of 18 on race day. You will need to show a photo ID in order to receive you race packet."We are confident that the show that … Hedrick's puts on is safe, and we have every intention to hold it this Sunday," he said. If there had been issues, Maday said, they would have been pointed out by Canterbury and the staff of Hedrick's Exotic Animal Farm, the Kansas organization that works with the animals. In the 10 to 15 years that they've run the races, Maday said, no human or animal has been injured. There are no plans to engage in any conversations with PETA or cancel the upcoming races. Sampson declined to speak with the Star Tribune, but he had seen Guillermo's letter, Maday said. "That's why we decided to take the action of writing to the president and also releasing it publicly," she said. Guillermo said she wrote to the secretary of racing at Canterbury three weeks ago in order to give the track ample time to cancel the event, but she received no response. "They can be to humans, as well as to themselves." "That kind of frantic, erratic behavior that makes people laugh is the animal showing that they're uncomfortable, that they're frightened," Guillermo said Friday. The letter also said that prey animals are hardwired to panic and run when exposed to loud noises, such as applause and laughter from a crowd at a racetrack. Ostriches aren't built to carry humans on their backs, and doing so while running can cause painful injuries such as sprains and dislocations, she wrote. "Kind people don't view animals as objects to be mocked or forced into submission," wrote Kathy Guillermo, a senior vice president in PETA's equine department, in a July 9 letter to Canterbury President and CEO Randy Sampson. PETA called on Canterbury Park to cancel the exotic animal races. Nondomestic animals aren't meant to carry human passengers, says the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. For 2021, the track has capped attendance at 10,000 due to COVID-19 concerns.īut racing exotic animals for sport is not popular with animal advocates. The races are extremely popular, said Canterbury spokesman Jeff Maday, drawing crowds of 15,000 or more in a typical year. Ostriches, camels and zebras are set to take over the Shakopee track Sunday for the annual "Extreme Race Day" event, and llamas and "unicorns" will entertain the crowd the following weekend. Horses aren't the only animals racing at Canterbury Park this month. The Mouse wheel allows you to set players height during game. Compare deals for a Shufflepuck Cantina Deluxe key from our verified stores We currently have 5 key offers across 1 stores. Shufflepuck Cantina Deluxe VR - Oculus Rifted Agharta Studio 114 subscribers Subscribe 3. You can move the camera left and right in the lobby using the directional arrows. In case the game does not start, switch to. The Legend of Heroes: Trails in the Sky SC Shufflepuck Cantina Deluxe VR Add to Wishlist 6.99 Add to cart Activates in United Kingdom Payments: Special. Mouse2 for cancelling/ back and to display the options flying screens / Do some drifting puck strikes The Shufflepuck Cantina Deluxe is also very enjoyable without a VR headset Note. Mouse1 for selecting/ validating / Charging your special strike if you have one The game is very light, runs smooth and there is no loading time thanks to our inhouse engine. The advanced demo features Dialogs and Menus that are adapted to the Rift, everything feels right ingame. After jumping through a wormhole and landing onto this forsaken planet far from home, you are standing in front of a huge interstellar Casino where everyone plays air hockey for a living Plug your Oculus Rift DK (or not) and master the finest Shufflepucking techniques 9. Its an air hockey simulation (a game in which the two opponents knock a. Track your progress and gain experience through an advanced levelling system.įull and extensive Oculus DK1 and DK2 plug and play support. Shufflepuck Cantina is the remake of an Amiga classic known as Shufflepuck Cafe. Quests and missions system to unlock loads of game content. We at Agharta Studio received an Oculus Rift a while ago and we decided to add support for our fully featured arcade air hockey game Shufflepuck Cantina Deluxe VR, which is available on Steam.ĥ Floors populated with vicious opponents. While their core movements, which are running and jumping, are the same, Sonic can perform a Super Peel Out to gain speed in an instant, while Tails is capable of flight and swimming underwater. Here, the player takes control of either Sonic or Tails. Sonic the Hedgehog CD is a 2D side-scroller video game with the same gameplay as the original game. Sonic in Palmtree Panic, the first Round in the game. Main article: Sonic the Hedgehog CD#Gameplay The text "YOU'RE TOO COOL!" will be shown. In a post-credits scene, various seeds are thrown from the sky, causing many Little Planet flowers to grow on Sonic's world. If the player has managed to secure a good future for every Zone in the game, Little Planet will disappear in a trail of glowing blue particles that resemble Sonic's face.After the credits roll, Little Planet is seen being restored to its mechanized state while the text "TRY AGAIN" appears. Spotting him, Sonic throws a rock at him, causing his vehicle to explode. If the player has not been able to secure a good future for all the Zones in the game, Eggman will escape using a hovercraft of his with the blue Time Stone in hand.After that, the game's ending will depend on the player's progress: After he leaves Amy in a safe place, Sonic runs away and sees Little Planet get freed. After the doctor is defeated, a chain reaction is triggered, causing the shell that covers Little Planet to break apart and prompting Sonic to leave Little Planet with Amy. Afterwards, Sonic goes to Metallic Madness, where he finds Eggman in the Egg Spinner. After Sonic wins, Metal Sonic is destroyed and Eggman is forced to retreat while Sonic frees Amy. There, he meets Eggman and Metal Sonic, the latter of whom challenges him to a deadly race, with Amy being tied up at the finish line. Now having to save Little Planet and Amy at the same time, Sonic continues across Little Planet, destroying Eggman's various contraptions and defeating Eggman repeatedly along the way.Įventually, Sonic ends up in Stardust Speedway. Suddenly however, Metal Sonic, a robot built by Eggman to replicate Sonic's abilities, appears out of nowhere, grabs Amy, and escapes with her. Ignoring her, Sonic continues his adventure.Īfter encountering and defeating Eggman in Palmtree Panic, Sonic continues onward to Collision Chaos, with Amy following him. Eventually though, he meets Amy Rose, who falls in love with him and tries to hug him. Wasting no time, Sonic runs across the chain that keeps Little Planet tied to his world, and lands in Palmtree Panic, where he learns that he must use Time Warp signs to travel to the past, where he will be able to destroy robot teleporters and secure a bright future for Little Planet's different regions. Eggman has captured the planet to find the Time Stones, with which he will be able to conquer the world. However, upon arriving in Never Lake, he finds Little Planet chained to a mountain and covered in a mechanic shell. Along the way, he is followed by Amy Rose. Not too long after Little Planet makes its annual appearance over Never Lake, Sonic travels to Never Lake, hoping to see this cosmic event. Appearing over Never Lake for one month per year, it is a place where the past, present and future collide, thanks to the Time Stones that lie within the planet. Little Planet is a tiny planet filled with beauty and mystery. In this case, both tracks do it for me, demonstrating two very different moods in an excellent way.The title screen of the 2011 remaster of Sonic the Hedgehog CD. I especially like the part at 39 seconds which has a hint of desolation in it, hinting at the uncertain fate of the level itself. The American version has a harder, edgier feel which IMO is more fitting for the stage(a quartz mine), and the way the guitar carries the beat goes with the flow of the stage quite nicely. The JP version sounds wonderful, having an upbeat melody but with a soothing breakaway midway through the song which really makes it shine. This comparison is probably the most difficult in the game IMO. So rather than this being a poll for which song is better, is more of which do you personally prefer. It's back.the age old debate which has split the Sonic fanbase for over a decade and a half, which soundtrack is better? There's no right answer to this, as it comes down to personal taste and perspective. 2014 FORD FUSION HYBRID PARTING OUT Specialized Ford Auto Dismantling $1 (Rancho Cordova) pic hide this posting restore restore this posting. Glass Rear Vent Driver HHR Sierra 2500 HD Extended Cab Escape 3701 Omec Cir Suite A Rancho Cordova CA 95742 Open Monday - Friday 9:00am to 5:30pm | Saturday 9:00am to 2:00pm PST/PDT. Phantom Quality New and Used Parts Arriving Daily. 3392 Sunrise Blvd, Rancho Cordova You can economize hundreds of dollars on the repairs of your beloved auto by acquiring second-hand spares with guarantee in this popular in Rancho Cordova neighborhood junk yard. Trabant Canyon Crew Cab Since 2014, we have been providing exceptional products and services to our valued customers. Chrysler and Dodge Home Parts Request About Hours & Location Chrysler and Dodge 3723 Recycle Rd. LR3 Silverado 2500 HD Regular Cab All Ford Auto Wrecking. 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Routan Us Dubai Auto Dismantling Limited Liability Co is a California Domestic Limited-Liability Company filed on April 10, 2019. Door Front Passenger Share your thoughts about this business. Timecop was directed by Peter Hyams, who was no stranger to action films ( The Presidio & Running Scared) or science-fiction films ( Capricorn One, Outland, 2010: The Year We Make Contact). It was not the first Dark Horse Comics property to make it to film, as the popular Jim Carrey film The Mask was released earlier in 1994. It was a three-part tale published in late 1992 in the anthology series called Dark Horse Comics. The Timecop story was created by writer Mark Verheiden and Dark Horse Comics publisher Mike Richardson, both of who ended up writing the story and screenplay of the film. Audiences may also be familiar with some other non-superhero comics that made it to film including Howard the Duck (1986), The Guyver, The Rocketeer (both 1991), and The Crow (1994). Some of the most prevalent titles were the Archie books, and even the EC horror anthology Tales from The Crypt. But very few titles that were not about buff men and women in spandex were ever optioned for television or film. Comics had been fodder for animated and live-action films alike since the birth of Superman in 1938. The film was one of the first non-superhero comic book adaptations. And it presents another fun science-fiction action vehicle for star Jean-Claude Van Damme. It uses the common themes of fate versus free will to delineate the characters, with some choosing to accept the timestream, while others seek to bend it to their own schemes. It stands on the shoulders of the films that came before it utilizing many elements audiences would be familiar with, while also showing the down sides of time travel. Timecop is a more sophisticated take on the common time travel sci-fi film. McComb and Spota get a tour of the TEC from Director Matuzak, though McComb is more interested in shutting it down. He realizes that this was all a setup by Future McComb to eliminate the officer that has become a thorn in his side, even prior to him joining the TEC. The events of the previous October 10th play out a little differently as Max-Prime is now on hand to help dispatch the bad guys. Max sees 1994 Melissa and warns her that people are coming to kill her and younger Max. While Max is investigating, he trails two of McCombs hitmen to the local Mall, which he remembers from his past. The Senator has shuttered the TEC, and Matuzak risks his life to help Max return to 1994 to fix a problem that only Max is aware of. Max returns to 2004 finding the future has changed. Fielding turns on Max, being one of McCombs Agents, but is injured in the firefight and later dies. McComb meets his younger self, careful not to touch him–since that could be disastrous, and forces him to take the buyout money, before killing Parker. Originally on this day, McComb resigned from the company that would eventually be the “next big thing” in computer systems, used by everyone in 2004. McComb has returned to October 9 to meet with his ex-business partner in a computer hardware company, Jack Parker (Kevin McNulty). Max is partnered with Internal Affairs investigator Sarah Fielding (Gloria Reuben) and sent back to 1994 using the Agency rocket sled. The TEC tracks a level six ripple coming from Washington DC in 1994. Jean-Claude Van Damme introduces himself to a would-be thief by asking him to read his shoe. Max stops Atwood, who would rather kill himself than return and face the wrath of Senator McComb, who has at least “half the agency” on his payroll. Ten years later, Max is working for the TEC on a case involving his ex-partner, Lyle Atwood (Jason Schombing) traveling to Octo(Black Friday) to make some financial investments. On the way out of the house Max is attacked and shot in his bulletproof vest by a number of men just before their house explodes killing Melissa, still inside. That evening, Max lets Melissa know he’s accepting a position with a new Agency but gets called away by an emergency before she can share her news. Officer Max Walker (Jean-Claude Van Damme) meets his wife, Melissa (Mia Sara), at a local Mall before returning home. They believe that someone is already using the technology to steal gold from the past. The Time Enforcement Commission (TEC) is to be led by DC Police Captain Eugene Matuzak (Bruce McGill), and McComb volunteers to chair the committee. Hans Kleindast has discovered time travel and that they are forming a new group to police it. On Octoin Washington DC, a Senate appropriations committee, which includes Senator McComb (Ron Silver), is informed by George Spota (Scott Lawrence) of the Justice Department, that Dr. The film opens in 1863 as a group of Confederate soldiers moving gold bullion are robbed by a man with advanced, automatic machine guns. In last years, a new class of stress response molecules has attracted attention, namely mitokines, i.e. In turn, excessive activation of the HPA axis induces sleep fragmentation, in a sort of vicious cycle between insomnia and stress. Moreover, evening serum levels of cortisol correlate with the number of the nocturnal awakenings, and at the same time sleep fragmentation increases cortisol levels. In particular, a positive association between high serum cortisol levels and the wake-time after sleep onset was found. Cortisol levels are higher in IN patients with respect to normal sleepers. The onset and perpetuation of IN are considered associated with the activation of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis with a consequent release of key molecules, such as cortisol hormone. The prevalence of P-IN varies between 9.2 and 50% among insomnia patients. Patients with P-IN experience the same symptoms/complaints of IN patients, though displaying normal sleep patterns, as evaluated by specific objective tests such as polysomnography. Interestingly, a sub-type of chronic insomnia characterized by misperception in quality and quantity of sleep is termed paradoxical insomnia (P-IN). In particular, the occurrence of symptoms for at least three times a week and persistence longer than three months are considered as chronic insomnia (IN), at variance with the sub-acute insomnia or the transient insomnia, which are considered as less pervasive and self-resolving. The frequency and persistence of symptoms determine the severity of insomnia. Clinical consequences include neurocognitive deficits, fatigue, anxiety and depression. The effects of insomnia on quality of life, social relationships and professional performances represent a considerable social and economic burden. According to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, 3rd edition (ICSD-3), insomnia is defined as the subjective perception of difficulty in sleep initiation, duration, consolidation and quality, resulting in a non-restorative sleep. Insomnia has higher prevalence rates in women than in men, and is the most common sleep disorder among the elderly population, with a prevalence of 48%. They can be caused by modifications of the physiological sleep architecture that occur during aging, but also by the concomitant presence of psychological stressful conditions such as loneliness, divorce, death of spouse, unemployment, or severe pathologies and use of multiple medications. Sleep disorders become more prevalent in late adulthood and heavily affect the patients’ quality of life. As far as the level of mitokines, we showed that FGF21 and HN in particular resulted altered (decreased and increased, respectively) with respect to control population, however with no difference between the two groups of patients. Therefore, the consequences of paradoxical insomnia on the expression of these parameters are the same as objective insomnia. Results show that the two groups are different as far as sleep efficiency score, as expected, but not for stress parameters, that in some cases resulted within the normality range, although quite close to the top threshold (such as cortisol) or much higher with respect to normality ranges (such as PSS). We have investigated the level of parameters related to stress in a group of post-menopausal female patients (age range 55-70 years) suffering by either objective or paradoxical insomnia, in particular we have measured 24-hours urinary cortisol, allostatic load index, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) score, and, for the first time, mitokines (mitochondrial stress response molecules) such as FGF21, GDF15 and Humanin (HN). From 9 to 50% of patients suffer of paradoxical insomnia, with the same symptoms and ailments, though characterized by normal sleep patterns. Chronic insomnia is the most common sleep disorder in the elderly population. |